Asthma: Causes, Symptoms, and Management

What Is Asthma?

Asthma is a long-term condition that affects the airways in your lungs, causing them to become inflamed, narrow, and filled with mucus. This makes breathing difficult and can trigger coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Although there is no cure, asthma can be effectively managed with the right treatment plan and lifestyle choices.

Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma symptoms can vary from person to person. Common signs include:

• Persistent coughing, especially at night or early morning
• Wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or pain
• Difficulty sleeping due to breathing problems

Symptoms may be occasional or chronic and can worsen during physical activity or exposure to triggers.

Common Asthma Triggers

Asthma attacks or flare-ups are often caused by exposure to specific triggers, such as:

• Allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander
• Air pollution, smoke, or strong odors
• Respiratory infections (cold, flu)
• Physical exercise, especially in cold weather
• Emotional stress or anxiety
• Certain medications (e.g., aspirin, NSAIDs)
• Weather changes or cold air

Screening and Diagnosis

To diagnose asthma, healthcare providers typically perform:

• A detailed medical history and physical exam
• Spirometry – to assess lung function
• Peak flow tests – to measure the speed of exhalation
• Allergy tests – to identify environmental or food triggers
• Methacholine challenge test – if other tests are inconclusive

Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective asthma management.

Asthma Treatment Options

Asthma is managed through a combination of long-term control and quick-relief treatments:

Long-Term Control Medications:

• Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, fluticasone)
• Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs)
• Leukotriene modifiers
• Biologics for severe asthma (e.g., omalizumab)

Quick-Relief (Rescue) Medications:

• Short-acting beta agonists (e.g., albuterol)
• Anticholinergics for immediate relief

Your doctor may also provide an Asthma Action Plan, guiding you on daily care and how to handle flare-ups.

Preventing Asthma Attacks

• Identify and avoid personal triggers
• Take medications as prescribed
• Monitor your symptoms and lung function regularly
• Keep indoor air clean with air filters and reduced allergens
• Get vaccinated against flu and pneumonia
• Manage stress and maintain a healthy lifestyle

When to Seek Medical Attention

You should contact your healthcare provider or seek emergency care if:

• Symptoms worsen or occur more frequently
• You need your rescue inhaler more than twice a week
• You experience severe shortness of breath or chest tightness
• Your lips or face turn blue
• You struggle to talk or walk due to breathing difficulty
• Your usual medications do not relieve symptoms

Living Well with Asthma

With the right treatment, many people with asthma lead active, healthy lives. Regular check-ups, proper medication use, and avoiding triggers are key to controlling the condition and preventing complications.